9th July 2009
INDIAN NATIONAL SOCIETY
“One who knows History, will work for bringing about Revolution in Indian National Society”.
“We must become Rulers of our own country and must rule over the Bharatvarsh”.
“Become of a Ruler of your own country and your problems will be solved”.
… Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
“If you want to destroy a Society, destroy its History
and the Society will get destroyed automatically.”
… Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
Why should one become a Ruler ? – To look-after interest of one’s Society.
To change the pattern of rule - because “Political power is the Master Key with which
you can open any lock whether it is Social, Economic, Educational or Cultural Lock.”
“How one becomes a Ruler ? – The Society which forgets its own History never becomes a Ruler because History gives an Inspiration. Inspiration creates an Awareness. Awareness generates Ideas. Ideas give rise to Power. Power builds a Strength. And by Strength One becomes a Ruler”.
Kum. Mayawati.
In order to appreciate about an uniform Indian National Society through out the Bharatvarsh including the far flung and remote areas of its Villages, every nook and corner of the country, its various Islands, landscapes, Sea and Ocean Waters, its skies, its linguistic and ethnic affinities, it is necessary to take into consideration chronology of certain historical dates and events enumerated here-in-below. Beneficiaries of the Indian Social System – a Product of Brahmanism - are 10% to 15% population of India viz. Brahmins – 3.5%, Kshatriyas – 5.5% and Vaishyas – 6% and the Victims of the Indian Social System are the intermediate castes ( viz. Shudras – 85% to 90% ) consisting of OBCs – 3742 castes, SCs – 1500 castes and STs – 1000 castes.
The side effects of the Indian Social System today – share in governance, etc. can be illustrated as follows:-
Share of minority 15% Share of majority 85%
66.5 in Politics 33.5
87 in Jobs 13
97 in Industries 3
78 in Education 22
94 in Land 6
It has been believed that a person born in an economically poor family is a ‘”sinner” because of his fate incurred by him in his previous birth and according to Hindu philosophy, a sinner must be punished by murdering him or crushing and financially strangulating him further in his or her present life. When India achieved political freedom from British Parliament which is legally omnipotent, in the sense that it can make and unmake any law on any subject under the sun. A question therefore arises whether the British Parliament can still unmake the Indian Independence Act, of 1947 passed by it, if needed on a later date ?. Equal economic freedom, in a way, is yet to be achieved amongst all citizens of India, so also social freedom. When India became a sovereign country in the year 1947, there were 545 princely states/kingdoms in India and that may be the reason for the number of Members of Indian Parliament including two Anglo Indians ( i. e. from European Union) has been fixed in the Indian Constitution. At the time, there were various Religions (Dharmas - Hindu Philosophy, Christianity or Christian Religion, Islam or Mohamedan Religion, Parsi or Zoroastrian etc,) Cultures (Samskriti, for example – Sindhu Culture, Dravid Culture, Godi culture, and so on ) and Civilization (Samskar – relating to material good ) were flourishing in India.
According to Alexander Pope, “IGNORANCE IS PEACE”. For ordinary man, “KNOWLEDGE IS POISON”. So to catch the mouse, it is necessary to keep the food with poison in the trap. In this way, Manuwadis has been trying to catch 85% majority Bahujan Samaj population of India in their traps right from the evolution of mankind.
CHRONOLOGY OF HISTORICAL DATES AND EVENTS
7000-3300 B.C | Chera Kings ruled Southern India. Sri Veera Raya, Kerala Chakravarthy or Chera Marven Thribhuvana Chakravarthy Kulasekhara Perumal (Mandla King) Konga Rajakkal. The Konga and the Chera are not one, has been maintained by Revd. Mr. Taylor in his Addendum to the translation of the Konka Desa Rajakkal. Cumber, a Tamil Poet who attached to the Court of Chola (7th Century) and who wrote ‘Cumba Ramayan’ describes Chera Kingdom which lies between Pulney, Thencasi, Calicut and the Sea extending over an area of 800 miles. The Chera, Chola, Pallava and Pandya Dynasties are the four Tamil Dynasties who ruled south India till 1500 of Christian Era. |
3300-1700 B.C. | Early Pandya Kings ruled southern India including Madurai District of Tamil Nadu. The later Pandyas (1150-1350) entered their golden age under the Maravarman Sundara Pandyan and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan (Christian Era 1250) who expanded the Empire into Telugu country, conquered Kalinga (Orissa) and invaded and conquered Sri Lanka. Pandyan was well known since ancient period, with contacts even diplomatic reaching the Roman Empire during 1300 of the Christian Era. Marcopolo mentioned in it as the richest Kingdom in existence. They controlled the pearl fisheries along the South Indian Coast between Sri Lanka and India. They and Cheras, Cholas and Satiyaputras are mentioned in the “Pillars of Asoka” (inscribed 273-232 BCE) as recipients of his Buddhist proselytism. The conquest by Dharma has been won here on the borders and even 600 yojanas (5400-9600 Km.) away where the Greek King Antiochos rules, beyond there the four kings named Ptolemy, Antigonas, Magas and Alexander. Also the Pandyas along with the Cheras and the Cholas find mention as one of the three ruling Dynasties of the southern region of the then Bharatvarsha in the very ancient (Hindu) epic of the Ramayana. They are also mentioned in the Aitareya Aranyaka and the Mahabharata where they are (along with the Cheras and the Cholas) believed to have been on the side of the Pandavas in the Great War. |
3000 B.C. | Egyptians claim their civilization to be older than 3000 years B.C., although there is a difference between the records of India and the records of other Nations of the world. |
2400 B. C | Chinese claim their civilization to be beyond 2400 years B. C. |
---- | Ancient History of Mankind based on an old Aryan Language preserved in India viz. “Sanskrit’, Dyaush Pita (Heavenly father) = Greek, Zeyshathf (Zeus Pater) = Latin, Jupiter = Old Norse. Tri forms one of the most brilliant Chapters in the History of the advancement of human knowledge. |
2000-1400 BC | Period of Aryan Settlement in Punjab – see Hymns of Rig Veda (First Epoch) describes Aryans as Conquerors and Settlers on the banks of Indus river and its 5 branches and India beyond Sutlej was almost unknown to the Aryans. The Aryans came as a Conquering Race. Self assertion and vigor of a young national life, with a strong love of action and capacity for active enjoyments. The Aryans were separated from passive but honest, swabhiman, swalambhan and atmanirbhar Aborigines Mulniwasi sons of the soil who vainly struggled to work hard to maintain their own against invincible conquerors. They rejoiced with wealth, cattle, pasture fields. This VEDIC PERIOD was full of wars and conquests against Aborigines and the Aryan victors triumphantly boast of their conquests in their Hymns implore their gods to bestow on them wealth and new possessions and to destroy barbarians. Whatever was bright and cheerful and glorious in the aspects of Nature struck the Aryans with admiration and gladness and such manifestations of Nature were worshipped and invoked as Gods. The entire body of Aryans was united and THE ONLY DISTINCTION OF CASTE THEN WAS BETWEEN THE ARYANS AND THE ABORIGINES. Even the distinctions between professions was not very marked and sturdy Lord of many acres who ploughed his fields and came to own large herds in time of peace, went out to defend his Village or plunder the aborigines in time of war and often composed spirited hymns to the martial God Indri in his hours of devotion. There were NO TEMPLES AND NO IDOLS. Chiefs of Tribes were Kings and had their priests to perform sacrifices and utter hymns for them but. The people were free, THERE WAS NO PRIESTLY CASTE AND NO ROYAL CASTE enjoying the freedom which belongs to vigorous pastoral and tribes. (It is claimed in the Sanskrit Text, English Translation and Notes of “RG-Veda Samhita” by H. H. Wilson and Bhasya of Sayanacarya, and edited & revised with an exhaustive introduction and notes by Ravi Prakash Arya, K. L. Joshi, that “Rig Veda” is about 9000 years old). |
1700-1300 BC | Pallavas Kings ruled south India. |
1400-1000 BC | Aryans crossed Indus river and poured down to Ganges valley. During this period, the people submitted themselves under the Brahmins and Kshatriyas and the Kshatriyas submitted themselves to the Brahmins. In the Gangetic valley the renowned and famous Kingdoms flourished amongst the Nations were the Kurus (Delhi), the Panchalas , the Kosalas etc. The internecine wars during Kurus and Panchalas gave birth to MAHABHARATA WAR, which is indicated of their rude, sturdy vigor, warlike jealousies, hatred which characterized the early Conquerors of the Gangetic valley. During this period, new forms Religion and Civilization from those of Vedic period were developed. |
| Belt of Non-Aryan Tribes during EPIC PERIOD – Sacrificial rites and Legends of Brahmans. Gifted Aryan people separated by circumstances from outside world, worked out their Civilization amidst natural and climatic conditions which were peculiarly favourable. Their intellectual discoveries age after age, religious progress and developments through successive centuries, their political career as they gradually expanded over India found new KINGDOMS AND DYNASTIES, their struggles against priestly Domination, their successes and failures, their great social and religious revolutions and their far-reaching consequences. |
| The Aryans did not however seem to live many centuries in the soft climate of the Gangetic Valley before loosing their vigor and manliness, as they gained in learning and civilization, The Kosalas too were a polished Nation but the traditions of that Nation preserved in the Second National Epic of India “RAMAYANA” which shows more devotion to social and domestic duties, obedience to priests and regard for religious forms than the sturdy valour and the fiery jealousies of the Mahabharata. |
| Religion changed its spirit. Natural Gods of Punjab scarcely commanded to Hindus of Gangetic Valley. The Hymns were still repeated but lost their meaning and sense and ceremonials and observances took the place of simple forms. The priestly class increased in number and in influence until they formed a hereditary caste of their own (Brahmins). The Brahminism was responsible for ruining of Hinduism. The Kings and Warriors of the Gangetic Valley lived in more splendid courts and had more gorgeous surroundings than, the simple Agricultural warriors of the Punjab, and soon separated themselves from the people and formed a caste of their own (Kshatriyas). The mass of the people – the Vaisyas or Visas of the Rig Veda – became more lifeless than their forefathers in the Punjab and more without a protest, the chains which the priests and warriors – the Brahmins and Kshatriyas - threw around them, and as subjection means demoralization, the people of Hindu Kingdoms never afterwards became what the people in ancient and modern Europe have striven to be, and lastly the Aborigines who were subjugated and had adopted the Aryan civilization formed the low caste of Shudras and were declared unfit to perform the Aryan Religious rites or to acquire religious knowledge. SUCH HAS BEEN THE ORIGIN OF CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA. |
| The Kshatriyas, during the close of the Epic Period, reacted against the Brahmins and the proud Kshatriyas at last tried to shake off the galling yoke and to prove their equality with Brahmins in learning and religious culture – wearied with the unmeaning rituals and ceremonials prescribed by priests, the Kshatriyas started new speculations and bold inquiries after the TRUTH. The effect was unavailing. The priests remained supreme. But the vigorous speculations which the Kshatriyas started form the only the redeeming portion of the inane and lifeless of literature of this period and these speculations remained as a heritage of the Nation and formed the nucleus of the Hindu Philosophical Systems and religious revolutions of the later day (UPANISHADS). The Brahmins developed the other 3 Vedas – SAMA, YAJUR and ATHARWANA containing sacrificial rites and these inane and verbose and compositions. |
7th Century B. C. | World’s oldest University “Takshashila” in the North-west region of India existed, where great people like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are believed to have studied. Students at the age of 16 entered here. |
6th Century B. C. | During the rule of Magadha Kingdom by Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of Buddhism lived and from annals of Magadha, 35 Kings reigned between the Kuru-Panchala War (Mahabharata war ) and the time of Buddha. |
323-356 B.C. | Alexander the Great, the King of Macedonia conquered the Persian Empire and annexed it to Macedonia. He later invaded India but returned back to Macedonia. |
265-338 B.C. | Mauryan Emperor Asoka’s reign began with series of wars and bloodshed, culminating in the Kalinga war. He later embraced Buddhism. Lord Buddha was a Nationalist Thinker. Being the grandson of Chandragupta Mourya, he was a cruel and merciless ruler at first. He waged war on his perceived enemies on a whim and caused much suffering amongst his own people. His territory included the present day Pakistan and Afghanistan also. |
| The Golden Period of Indian History which is a period offreedom, greatness and glory. This is the period of Mourya Empire. At all other times, India suffered from defeat and darkness. But the MOURYA PERIOD was a period when Chaturvarnya was completely annihilated, when the Shudras who constituted about 85% Bahujan Samaj Lower Class population of India came to their own and became the Rulers of India over the minority 15% Upper Class people comprised of Brahmins, Kshatriyas. (See Thesis “ANNIHILATION OF CASTE” written by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar). |
250-1279 B.C. | Dravidian Kings ruled south India, started from 3 century B.C. |
51/52 A. D. | St. Thomas, one of the 12 original disciples / apostles of Lord Jesus Christ visited India and established Seven Churches in the Malayalam speaking parts of South India, to spread the Good News, “God Loves you” as per the Bible to Humanity. It took root in Kerala within 20 years of the epoch making events in Jerusalem, the Crucifixion at the age of 32, Resurrection and Ascension of the Lord Jesus Christ. (AIR 1995 S.C.2001 at page 2011 ) |
2nd Century A.D. | Tiru Valluvar, a great Saint Poet, composed a Treatise par excellence on the ART OF LIVING called “Thirukkural” in the form of 1330 Couplets, on 133 subjects of Life each containing 10 couplets, in Tamil literature of Antiquity, an Approach to Moral Doctrine of Human Psychology and Desire to help Imperfect Men in diverse fields with Practical Hints in the struggle against Evil. |
4th Century A. D. | Chinese traveler Fahiyan wrote the book “History of Civilization of Ancient India”. |
5th Century A. D. | Nalanda University was founded in Bihar, about 55 miles south-east of Patna. It is known as the ancient seat of learning where 2000 teachers and 10,000 students from all over Buddhist world lived. |
788-820 | Shankara born in Village Kaladi, in Kerala, wrote the Book called “Bhaja Govindham” containing 555 Brahma Sutras. It contains 31 Verses about Man’s futile pursuit of Wealth, his obsession with lust, hypocracy and lust. He called Man as “Moodamathe” – a Fool, tethering between Desires and Fears, all the doddering towards Death, only to tell them that in the end, Man is caught up in a ceaseless cycle of birth and death from which an escape is still possible. He propounded “Advaitha”. He died at the age of 32. Before that, “Yajnavalkya” declared “this self is Brahman” (Ayam Atma Brahma) and “Udalalka” declared “that thou art” (Tat Tvam Asi ). Shankara’s another famous book is “Vivekachudamani”. It contains 581 Verses. |
| Shankara was responsible for disappearance of Buddhism from India. |
1197-1276 12th Century A.D. | Madhav, (an epithet of Krishna), a Vaisnav Philosopher who advocated a system of dualist (dvaita) Vedanta. For him the human soul is unique even in the state of moksha. Varahmihiran started, for the first time, Astrology /Jyotish /Horoscope predictions based on the then planetary positions, and stated that his predictions would hold good for a period of 600 years and thereafter, his calculations will change depending upon the change in the planetary systems. |
In 1288 &.1293 | Marco Palo, a Venetian Traveller visited the famous Pandya Kingdom, headquarted in the Madurai, South Tamil Nadu and left a vivid description of the land and its people and exclaimed that “The darkest man is here”, the most highly esteemed and considered better honest than the others, who are not so dark. Let me add that in every truth, these people portray and depict their Gods and their Idols black and their Devils white as snow. For they saw that God and all the Saints are black and the Devils are all white. That is why they portray them as I have described” |
1304-1377 | Siddis guaranteed safety on Indian Ocean. |
In 1534 | The first Europeans i. e. Portuguese acquired Island of Bombay from the King of Gujarat. |
1550-1626 | Malik Amber (Shambu) born in Harar (Ethiopia) came to India and ruled Bengal. |
| Earlier, Mogul Emperors invaded India because of some Hindu Kings in India, out of spite and jealousy against one another, helped foreign Invaders to capture India. At that time, there was no rule of law followed in India. Indians at that time were called ‘Hindus’. The word “Hindu” comprised of “Hin” means without knowledge plus “dhu” means less or weak. |
| Followed by collapse of the Mogul Empire which imposed Mohamedan Law in India, the Europeans i. e. the Portuguese acquired the Island of Bombay from the King of Gujarat. |
In 1612 | After the fight between two Trade Rivals i. e. the Portuguese and the British, the British established Surat Factory with permission of Moghul Governor who in 1615 issued a Firman, granting certain facilities. They were allowed to live according to their religion and laws. Englishmen did not cherish idea of being governed by the Mohamedan law, which was a personal and religious institution. |
| During reign of Jehangir, the Company’s representative set foot on Indian soil. Surat was considered as most suitable for starting a Factory. Surat was an importance commercial Centre and a good Fort in Moghul Empire. |
19-2-1630 | Bahujan Raja “CHHATRAPATHI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ” was born. CHHATRAPATHI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ ruled the country on the basis of “Sarvjan Hitay – Sarvjan Sukhai”. |
In 1639 | Madras nearby Village called “Madraspatnam” (BLACK TOWN) was founded on a piece of land on the eastern Coast from a Hindu Raja. Here, St. George Fort was built. Inside St. George Fort, grew the WHITE TOWN, a Settlement of British and Europeans. Madras included both the Black town and White town. |
1639 – 1665 | Administration of Justice was in an Elementary State. |
1665 – 1686 | Administration of Justice in the Second Period. |
31-12-1660 | East India Company was incorporated in England by a Charter of Queen. |
In 1661 | The Portuguese King transferred the Island of Bombay to Charles-II as ‘Dowry’ on marriage of his sister Princess Catherine with English King. At that time, Bombay was a small Fishing Village having a population of about 10,000. |
In 1661 | According to Stephen, English Law was made applicable to India and successively re-introduced in 1726, 1753 and 1774. |
In 1668 | The King of England transferred the territory to East India Company at an Annual Rent of 10 Pounds, finding it uneconomic to govern it. At that time, the King granted a Charter to the Company, conferring on it full powers, privileges and jurisdiction requisite for Administration, Legislation and Dispensation of Justice. |
In 1670 | The First Judicial System was established in Bombay. It consisted of two Divisions (i) Bombay, Mazgaon and Girgaon, (ii) Mahim, Parel, Sion and Worli. A Court consisting of 5 Judges was started in each Division. Custom Officer of each Division was an Englishman to preside over the Court. |
1-8-1672 | The Portuguese laws were abolished and English law was introduced. An Englishman as Justice of Peace was appointed as a Committing Magistrate in each of 4 Sections – Bombay, Mahim, Mazgaon and Sion to hold preliminary examination of witnesses against Accused and to Court which sat once a month. The Court dispensed justice according to reason and on actions of all persons. |
In 1684 | Admiralty Court under Charter of 1683 was started. Dr. John St. John learned in Civil laws was sent from England by the Company to preside in the Court as the Judge Advocate. |
In 1690 | Bombay was attacked by Mogul Admiral Siddi. His attack put an end to the Judicial System. Therefore, there was no Court established between 1690 and 1718. |
In 1690 | Calcutta was founded. Fort Williams was constructed there. |
In 1698 | The Company acquired Zamindari of 3 Villages called “Calcutta”, “Sutanati” and “Govindpur”. With this, the Co. secured the legal and constitutional status within the framework of the Mogul Administrative Machinery. |
| During the Mogul period, Zamindars of Bengal collected land revenue and maintained law and order within Zamindari limits. |
| Kazi’s Courts were functioning in each Village during Mogul Empire. Village Panchayat, District (Parganah), City and Appeals to Kazi of District and then to the Chief Kazi of Subah (Province). |
| When Mogul Administrative Structure started disintegrating and Nawab Authority weakened in Bengal, disintegration in the ranks of the Kazis set in, they became hereditary offices, and were even leased to highest bidders. Justice was not impartially enforced, it could be purchased by payment of money. |
| Appeals against decisions of Zamindar’s Courts who did not know principles of law, went to the Nawab’s Courts at Murshidabad. It was no better. |
| In theory, the highest Criminal Court was that of the Nawab as the Head of Nizamat and was responsible for Administration of Criminal Justice. |
| The Highest Civil Court was that of the Diwan who was the Head of the Diwani and was responsible for Collection of Land Revenue. |
| The Kazi administered Justice in Claims of Marriage, Inheritance and Succession. The Mufti, a learned Jurist helped the Kazi. |
| The Fozdar was a Police Officer who was to suppress serious crime. The Kotwal took into cognizance of petty criminal cases. |
| Thus, Administration of Justice was in a very poor shape when the British came to India. |
1706 | Marthanda Varma, Maharaja of Travancore-Cochin State, including the present day Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu, was born as the son of the Junior Rani of Attingal, Rajah Rama Varma (as Raja of Venad). Sri Uttaradam Thirunal Marthanda Varma (born on 22-3-1922) is the present titular Maharaja of Travancore since 1991 and head of Travancore. |
In 1718 | A Court was established in Bombay. It consisted of a Chief Justice and 9 other Judges of which 5 were English. The 4 Indian Judges represented four principal Communities (1) Hindus (2) Mohamedans (3) Portuguese Christians and (4) Parsis. The Court was required to pay due regard to caste, custom and laws of England. |
| Appeal went to Governor-in-Council. Governor-in-Council had Black Judges. |
| So there was some differentiation between Governor-in-Council and the Government and the Court was no completely identified with the Executive. |
| Governor-in-General could alone award CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. Punishment was awarded for an indefinite period i.e. “during pleasure”. “Whipping” was most common punishment. 39 lashes was the common standard which was repeated twice or thrice in serious cases. Please see the trial of Raman Kamatti. |
In 1726 | Vide a Charter, wide legislative powers were given to the Company. Provision was made for Appeal to Privy Council. The Privy Council Act was abolished later on. |
| Madras Presidency was set up first in India. |
In 1726 | English law was held to be introduced in India and there is no question of re-introduction on subsequent dates. Advocate General of West Bengal v. Ronee Surnomoyee Dosee, (2 MIA, 386 in Appeal). At the time when the English law was introduced by the Statute of 1726, altogether different people with a different social structure, such as, the English, the French, the Portuguese, the Armenians, the Jews, native Christians, Parsees, Hindus and Muslims were living in India. The law was to be applied selectively and discriminatingly. |
| The controversy became highly relevant in connection with the Brahmin Nandakumar Dewram’s case. The Supreme Court of Calcutta had convicted Nandakumar Dewram under the English statute of 1728. It was argued that the 1728 statute was not applicable to India and therefore, trial of Nanda Kumar and conviction under the Act would be bad in law. On the other hand, if English law was introduced either 1753 or 1774, the trial would be valid in law. |
In 1756 | Nawab ‘Siraj-ud-Daula’ attacked British and captured Calcutta. |
In 1757. | The British re-captured Calcutta under Robert Clive. |
In 1757 | The BATTLE OF PLASSEY was fought and Nawab was defeated. The Company which became Owner appointed a Puppet Nawab to administer the nearby areas so as to avoid jealousy of French and Portuguese. |
In 1764 | BATTLE OF BUXAR |
In 1765 | Mogul Emperor “SHAH ALAM” granted Diwani of Bengal to the Co. at an annuity of Rs.26,00,000/- to the Emperor. The Co. used to keep itself balance revenue collection and as such, the Company became a DE JURE STATUS of an Official of the Mogul Emperor. |
- | Nawab and Diwan was appointed by Emperor to hold office in a Subah (Province ) “DURING HIS PLEASURE”. The Nawab was the Head of Nizamat, which included Military, Maintenance of Law and Order, and Administration of Criminal Justice, whereas Diwan to collect revenue and to administer Civil Justice and to send balance revenue to Central Treasury. |
_______ | During the downfall of Mogul Empire, Nawab of Bengal assumed an independent status and Diwan became just his Nominee |
In 1769 | Governor Verelst appointed Company’s servants as Supervisors of Districts. |
In 1771 | Bengal faced a very acute FAMINE |
In 1774 | A Supreme Court was established in Calcutta with English Judges Lawyer aided by an English Bar. |
In 1774 | Nandakumar Dewram, a Brahmin, was hanged against “Manusmriti” that no Brahmin can be punished even if he commits serious crime like murder against his fellow human beings. |
1780-1781 | Reforms were introduced by Warren Hastings. |
In 1786 | Cornwallis came to India as Governor-General. |
In 1787 | Scheme was introduced by Warren Hastings for separation of Judiciary and Executive by division of Revenue and Judicial Functions.
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In 1787 | Scheme was introduced whereby Collector’s power of Revenue and Judicial powers were merged together. |
In 1790 | Scheme was introduced by Cornwallis to reform Criminal Law. |
In 1793 | Scheme was introduced by Cornwallis to reform Administration of Justice. |
1816 11-12-1816 | Letter from Gen. Malcolm to the Secretary of the Board of Directors, confirming that the Bombay Army was composed of all Classes and all Religions like Hindus, Muslims, Jews and Christians. Memorandum of approval between British Govt. and Nepal. |
Prior to 1818 | The social status of Mahar Community under the rule of the Peshwas of Maratha Country was low during which time un-touchability was practiced. |
1-1-1818 | The crowning glory of Parwaris (Mahars) of Maharashtra who were more than the Rajputs, was achieved on the hot and parched battlefield of Koregaon against PESHWA BAJI RAO II who was threatening the British garrisons at Kirkee and Poona. The Maratha Army led by their able general Gokhale was dominating the British from all sides. |
1826 | Gallant Battle at Kathiawar by Mahars. |
1831 | Ram Mohan Roy who stopped Sati in India and Founder of Modern India went to Britain as Ambassador for the Mogul Empire. He taught not to just accept and tolerate but to celebrate “Diversity” |
27-9-1833 | Ram Mohan Roy died in Bristol, London of Meningitis. He was a visionary, thinker and a social reformer. |
1843 | The Bombay Army took part in the First and Second Afghan Wars and the Battle of Meeanee.
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1849 | Gallant Battle at Multan. |
1850 1854-1928 | Bengal’s Brahmins started Congress. Chairman was a retired IAS Officer. Slowly Bal Gangadhar Tilak became President. At that time, Rajarshi Sahuji Maharaj was alive and said SC, ST, should also be given Representation in Politics. Tilak started opposing. Bhaskar Jadhav said, if I go to Kolhapur, Sahuji Maharaj, also a body builder would beat him up. So Tilak went to border area Kolhapur viz. Adri Village and spoke. “Tel, Tamboli, Kun Vargo ko Vidhi Mandal mem jake, kya hal chala na hai, Teli ko tel nikalna hai, Mali ko phool thodna hai ?. At that meeting Sant ‘Gadge Maharaj was there and Tilak asked him to speak a few words. Sant ‘Gadge Maharaj replied “ Me Chucklo, Lachare varsha kapade dhonewala kya bhashan karoo ? Tilak Maharaj, “Hamara pan Brahman banwa. “ Sree Narayana Guru was born in Kaladi, Kerala. According to him, there is only one God, one Caste and one Religion. In other words, let there by any Religion, but it is sufficient if man becomes Good |
1856 | The Bombay Army took part in PERSIAN WAR. |
After 1857 | Indian Independence Struggle started, the Crown resumed the Government of India. |
In 1858 | Act gave powers to Governor-General-in-Council . |
In 1860 | Criminal Procedure Code was applied for all subjects including Brahmins and Death Penalty imposed for murder.
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1860 | The Soldiers of Bombay Army went to China. |
Until 1862 | Parallel System of Courts continued, one for local Hindus, Muslims etc. as per local laws and the other Adalats (Diwani) in Mofussil areas. |
In 1862 | High Courts were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras |
1865 | The Soldiers of Bombay Army went to Aden. |
1867 | Soldiers of Bombay Army went to Abyssinia. |
---- | Sir Charles Napier of Magdala commanded 25th Bombay Native Infantry and conquered Sind. 26-6-1874 Chhatrapati Sahuji Maharaj was born. He was the first Institutor of Bahujan Reservation Policy. He continued the legacy of Phule. He was the first King to implement Reservation Policy – the Pillar of Social Democracy. He died on 6-5-1922. |
1880 | Gallant Battle at Kandahar. |
16-4-1880 | Major Sidney James Waudby fell in defence of the Dabrai Post in Afghanistan. |
1887-1920 | S. A. Ramanujan, one of India’s greatest Mathematical geniuses, was born on 22-12-1887 in Erode, Tamil Nadu (died on 26-4-1920). He contributed to Analytical Theory of Numbers and worked on ecliptic functions, continued fractions and infinite series. |
1878-1895 | Second Afghan War with Mahar Soldiers under Command of Sep. Sonnak Tannak who won renown as recorded on the tablet erected on the Waudby Road in Bombay.
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2-10-1869 | Mr. Mohanlal Karamchand Gandhi was born at Porbandar (Sudamapuri) to Karamchand Gandhi alias Kaba Gandhi and Putlibai. |
17-9-1879 | PERIYAR E. V. RAMASAMY “Kranti Surya” was born in a wealthy merchant family of Venkata Naicker and Chinnathayee Ammal at Erode in Tamil Nadu. ‘Tantai Periyar’ was a great Nationalist and Revolutionist. He emphasized “Communal Representation” in the political power of India. He started ‘Dravida Kazhaham’ Party on 27-8-1944. In 1925 Tantai Periyar described “Congress Party as a Den of Brahimins” He died on 24-12-1973
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14-4-1891 | Dr. Bahasaheb Ambedkar, M. A., Ph. D., D. Sc., LL.D. (Collumbia ), D. Litt (Osmania), Barrister-at-Law, a Dalit Icon, was born at Mahu ( Madhya Pradesh) to a lower Untouchable Caste poor Family of Subhedar Ramji Sapkal and Mrs. Bhimabi Ambedkar. |
-11-1900 | Dr. Bahasaheb Ambedkar entered Govt. High School of Satara. |
1904 | Dr. Bahasaheb Ambedkar entered the Elphinstone High School at Bombay |
1906 | Dr. Bahasaheb Ambedkar married to Ramabai d/o Mr. Bhik Walangkar one of the relations of Gopal Baba Walangkar |
1907 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar passed Matriculation Examination. |
-12-1912 | A son Yeshwant was born to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. |
1913 | Dr. Bahasaheb Ambedkar passed B. A. Examination with Persian and English from University of Bombay. |
-7-1913 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, a Gaikwar’s Scholar in the Columbia University, New York was reading in the Faculty of Political Science.
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5-6-1915 | Dr. Bahasaheb Ambedkar passed M. A. Examination, majoring in Economics and with Sociology, History, Philosophy, Anthopology and Politics as the other Subjects of Study. |
1916 | Mr. M. K. Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. |
1917 | Columbia University conferred a Degree of Ph. D. on Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar |
-7-1917 | Dr. Bahasaheb Ambedkar was appointed as Military Secretary to His Highness the Maharaja of Gaikwar of Baroda. |
-11-1918 | Dr. Bahasaheb Ambedkar was Professor of Political Economy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics, Bombay.
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1914-1919 | Period of First World War. |
1920 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar started Kranti at the age of 25. |
23-3-1920 | Chhatrapathi Sahuji Maharaj of Kolhapur addressed a gathering of Untouchables and said “ you have found your Saviour in Ambedkar. I am confident that he will break your shackles. Not only that, a time will come when, so whispers my conscience, he will shine as a Front Rank Leader of all India fame and appeal.” |
------ | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar described Mahatma Jyotiba Phule as “the greatest Shudra of Modern India. In the lower classes of Hindus, conscious of their slavery to higher classes and who preach gospel that, for India, social democracy was more vital than independence from foreign rule. |
-1917 | Dr. Ambedkar obtained LL.D. from Columbia University for his thesis “National Dividend of India”.
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-9-1920 | Dr. Ambedkar rejoined the London School of Economics and Gray’s Inn to read for the Bar. |
-6-1921 | Dr. Ambedkar obtained D. Sc. in Economics from London School of Economics for his thesis on “Provincial De-Centralization of Imperial Finance”. |
In 1922 | Dr. Ambedkar completed his thesis “Problem of Rupee” its Origin and its Solution” as against Dollar / Pound. See his writing “Administration of Public Finance”. |
-6-1924 | Dr. Ambedkar started to practice law in the Bombay High Court. |
20-7-1924 | Dr. Ambedkar founded “BAHISHKRIT HITKARINI SABHA” for the uplift of the Depressed Classes with a view to educate, organize and agitate for their Right to Equality and Individual Dignity. |
1925 | RSS was founded by Dr. Keshav Baliram Hegdewar, a Nagpur Doctor, with an aim to unite Hindus. |
1926 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was nominated as Member of the Bombay Legislative Council. |
20-3-1927 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar started Satyagraha at Mahad Dist. Kolaba) to secure to the Untouchables the Right of Access to the Chavdar Tank. |
-9-1927 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar established “Samaj Samata Sangh”. |
-3-1928 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar introduced the “Vatan Bill” in the Bombay Legislative Council. |
-6-1928 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was appointed as Professor in Govt. Law College, Bombay. |
1928-29 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was a Member, Bombay Presidency Committee of the Simon Committee. |
-3-1930 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar started Satyagraha at Kalram Temple. Nasik to secure for the Untouchables the Right of Entry into the Temple. |
1930-1932 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was the Delegate in the Round Table Conference in London representing the Untouchables of India |
25-9-1932 | Babasaheb Ambedkar signed with Mr. M. K.Gandhi the Poona Pact, giving up, to save Mr. Gandhi’s life, separate electorates granted to the Depressed Classes by Ramsay Mac Donald’s Communal Award and accepting, instead Representation through joint electorates. |
1932-34 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was a Member in the Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Indian Constitutional Reform |
1932 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. left Panel, Damodar Hall, and came to stay in “Rajagriha”, Dadar, Bombay in order to get more accommodation for his library which was increasing day by day. |
-6-1935 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was appointed as Principal of the Government Law College, Bombay. He was also appointed Perry Professor of Jurisprudence. |
13-10-1935 | Historical Yeola Conversion Conference held under the Presidentship of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at Yeola Dist., Nasik. He exhorted the Depressed Classes to leave Hinduism and embrace another religion. He declared, “Unfortunately, I was born as a Hindu, but I will not die as a Hindu”. He also advised his followers to abandon the Kalram Mandi Entry Satyagriha, Nasik. |
-12-1935 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. Babasaheb Ambedkar was invited by Jat Pat Todak Mandal of Lahore to preside over the Conference. He prepared his historial speech “The Annihilation of Caste”. The Conference was cancelled by the Mandal on the ground that Dr. Ambedkar’s thoughts were revolutionary. Finally Dr. Ambedkar refused to preside and published his Speech in Book form in 1937. |
1934-1942 | Period of Second World War. |
29-2-1942 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar’s Conversion Resolution was supported by Chambers (Cobblers) of East Khandesh. |
30-5-1936 | Bombay Presidency Conversion Conference (Mumbai Elaka Mahar Panshad) of Mahars was held at Naigaum (Dadar) to sound their opinion on the issue of conversion. Mr. Subha Rao popularly known as Hydrabadi Ambedkar presided over the Conference. In the morning the Ascetics shaved their beards, moustaches and destroyed their symbolds of Hinduism in an Ascetic’s Conference. |
15-6-1936 | Conference of Devadasis was held in Bombay to support Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar ‘s Resolution of Conversion. |
23-6-1936 | Matang Parishad in support of Conversion. |
15-8-1936 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar founded The Independent Labour Party. |
11-11-1936 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar left for Geneva and London. |
1934 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar organized the “Municipal Workers Union”, Bombay. |
17-2-1937 | The First General Elections were held under the Government of India Act, 1935. Dr. Ambedkar was elected Member of Bombay Legislative Assembly (Total Seats 175. Reserved Seats 15. Dr. Ambedkar’s Independent Labour Party won 17 Seats). |
17-3-1937 | The Mahad Chowdar Tank case was decided in favour of Depressed Classes by which they got a Legal Right to use the Public Wells and Tanks. |
In 1937 | In most places, Musalman won in the elections, so Hindus thought whether they will get any chance to rule. |
-1-1938 | The Congress Party introduced a Bill making a change in the name of Untouchables i. e. they would be called “Harijans” meaning Sons of God. Dr. Ambedkar criticized the Bill as in his opinion the change of name would make no real change in their conditions. He protested against use of term Harijans in legal matters. When the ruling party by sheer force of numbers defeated the ILP which group walked out of the Assembly in protest under his Leadership. He organized peasants march on the Bombay Assembly. The peasants demanded the passing of Dr. Ambedkar’s Bill for abolition of Khoti System |
-8-1938 | A meeting was held at R. M. Bhat High School, Bombay for exposing Mr. Gandhi’s attitude in disallowing a Depressed Class man being taken into Central Ministry. |
-9-1938 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar spoke on Industrial Disputes Bill in the Bombay Assembly. He bitterly opposed it for its attempt to outlaw the Right of Workers to strike. He said if Congressmen believe that Swaraj is their birthright, then the Right to strike is the birthright of the Workers. |
29-1-1939 | Kale Memorial Lecture of Gokhale School of Politics and Economics, Pune, reviewing critically the All India Federation Scheme set out in the Govt. of India Act, 1935. The speech was issued in March 1939 as a tract for the times under the title “Federation v/s. Freedom.” |
-10-1939 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Nehru first meeting |
-5-1940 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar founded the “Mahar Panchayat”. |
22-7-1940 | Netaji Subash Chandra Bose met Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. |
-12-1940 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar published his “Thoughts on Pakistan”. The second edition with title “Pakistan or Partition of India” was issued in February 1945. A third impression of the book was published in 1946 under the title “India’s Political, what is what: Pakistan or Partition of India.” Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar published his “Thoughts on Pakistan”. The second edition with title “Pakistan or Partition of India” was issued in February 1945. A third impression of the book was published in 1946 under the title “India’s Political, what is what: Pakistan or Partition of India.” |
-1-1941 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar pursued issue of recruitment of mahars in the Army. In the result, the mahars Battalion was formed |
25-4-1941 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar formed Mahar Dynast Panchayat Samiti . |
1941 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was appointed to sit on the Defence Advisory Committee. |
-4-1942 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar founded the All India Scheduled Castes Federation in Nagpur. |
20-7-1942 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar joined Viceroy’s Executive Council as a Labour Member. |
-1943 | As Labour Minister under British, Dr. Ambedkar started 8% reservation to SCs, STs. Article 340 was incorporated in the Indian Constitution under which 15% reservation to SCs and 7.5% reservation to STs given. Gandhi spoke “reservation is only for gaining independence and not in the assets of the country |
-1946 | Crisp Mission came to India. Earlier Simon Commission was sent to India to conduct a survey the socio-economic positions of various communities in India, but Gandhi did not allow him to conduct the survey by agitating - “Simon Commission go back”. |
15-3-1947 | Mr. M. K. Gandhi submitted to Assembly a Book titled “States and Minorities” written by Dr. Ambedkar. |
15-3-1947 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was elected from Faridkot in Pakistan and spoke to the Assembly. Babasaheb was also elected from Jassur, Kurla in East Bengal where 85% were Hindus. So Congress gave West Bengal portion i. e. East Bengal to Pakistan. Babasaheb, however, said that I will not make Constitution for Pakistan because my people are in India. So after vacating Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. Jaykar from Pune, Babasaheb went to Constituent Assembly. |
-------- | Settlement reached between Dr. Ambedkar and Mr. Gandhi pursuant to which Dr. Ambedkar became Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee. |
15-8-1947 | India achieved independence from British. |
30-1-1948 | Mahatma Gandhi was shot by a miscreant.
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____ | From Comparative Study of Religion, Dr. Ambedkar could say that two personalities could captivate him. They were “Christ” and “Buddha”. |
4-10-1948 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar presented the draft Constitution to the Constituent Assembly, incorporating enough provisions to transform India into a CASTELESS, CLASSLESS, EGALITARIAN SOCIETY (SAMTAMULAK SAMAJ VYAVASTHA) for “SARVJAN HITAY – SARVJAN SUKHAI”. |
20-11-1948 | Constituent Assembly adopted Article 17 of the Constitution for abolition of Un-touchability. |
26-11-1949 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar addressed the Constituent Assembly and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution26 -11-1949 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar addressed the Constituent Assembly and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution |
26-11-1950 | The Constitution of India which contains the Fundamental Right to Equality guaranteed to all its citizens irrespective of caste, creed, sex, place of birth, etc. – Social, Economic and Political, came into force. As a result, all the previous Laws, Enactments, Rules, and Regulations and Notifications, Customs, Usages and Practices which were prevailing prior to 26-11-1950 and which are contrary to or inconsistent with or in derogation of the welfare and fundamental provisions of the Indian Constitution became null and void, not justiceable, and are of no legal effect whatsoever and howsoever. |
5-2-1951 | As Law Minister, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar introduced Hindu Code Bill. |
9-9-1951 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar resigned from Nehru Cabinet because Nehru announced that he will sink or swim with Hindu Code Bill. |
-1-1952 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar fought the first Lok Sabha Elections but was defeated by Congress Party Candidate N. S. Kajrokar. |
-3-1952 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was introduced in Parliament as a member in the Council (Rajya Sabha) States, representing Bombay. |
-4-1953 | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar contested By-election from Bhandara Lok Sabha Constituency with the Symbol “ELEPHANT” but was defeated by Congress Party Candidate Mr. Haribhau Borkar. |
14-10-1956 | Dr. Ambedkar changed his religion and embraced Buddhism at Nagpur with about 5 lakh disciples. |
6-12-1956 | Dr. Ambedkar died. His last message was – “Tell my people, whatever I have done, I have been able to do after passing through crushing miseries and endless problems”. According to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc., LL.D. (Columbia), D.Litt., (Osmania), Barrister-at-Law, a multi faceted personality, a Scholar, Researcher, an Agitator for and Emancipator and Valiant Fighter for the Poor and Deprived and Women, a Crusader against the Caste System in India, an elder Statesman and an Indian National Leader, a Fearless Journalist, and a Reformer of rare caliber, an Economist and Contributor, substantially to the formulation of Post War Economic Development Plan in general and Water Resources and Electric Power Plan Development, “RESERVATION IS NOT BEGGING BUT A HUMAN RIGHT”. |
6-12-1978 | After demise of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, to fulfill his unfinished Dream, Manyawar Kansiram Ji, a Valmiki by caste and a body builder, started BAMCEF. He premised on the principle of “Pay back to Society”. Become a Brain, Bank and Money Generator. To create a genuine and capable Leadership. He created a new Missionary Political Conscience – a Non Political root for success of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar’s political action and vision. He revived and consolidated earlier struggles. He built up Bahujan Movement of earlier Liberates, Saints and Gurus. He was a founder of Formula of 85% and 15%. He brought Dalits to center stage in Indian Politics. He was a believer in “Bahujan Concept”. He hated politics of ‘Daliting’. According to him, “Power is the product of struggle”. Bahujan Samaj should become a Giver/Donor and not Receiver. Sarva Samaj or Bahujan Samaj of 85% should unite by breaking the 15%’s shackles of casteism. |
6-12-1981 | Hon’ble Kansiram started DS4 (Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sanghrsh Samiti) |
24-12-1973 | Periyar E. V. Ramasamy died at the age of 95. |
14-4-1984 | Hon’ble Kansiram started Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) with the aim of fulfilling the Phule-Sahu-Ambedkar Ideology. BSP is to fulfill the unfinished Dream of the principal Architect and Bharat-ratna Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar to transform India into a Casteless, Classless, Egalitarian Society (Samtamulak Samaj Vyavastha ) based on its policy of “Sarvjan Hitay – Sarvjan Sukhai” strictly in accordance with the mandatory provisions of the Indian Constitution and the Rule of Law i. e. Fundamental Right to Equality guaranteed to all the citizens of India including the poorest of the poor amongst them – Social, Economic and Political, irrespective of caste, creed, sex, place of birth, etc. |
24-12-1979 | Periyar E. V. Ramasamy who emphasized the need for communal representation died at the age of 95. |
14-4-1984 | Hon’ble Kansiram started BSP with the aim of fulfilling the Phule-Sahu-Ambedkar Ideology. BSP is to fulfill the unfinished Dream of the principal Architect and Bharat-ratna Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar to transform India into a Casteless, Classless, Egalitarian Society (Samtamulak Samaj Vyavastha ) based on its policy of “Sarvjan Hitay – Sarvjan Sukhai” strictly in accordance with the mandatory provisions of the Indian Constitution and the Rule of Law i. e. Fundamental Right to Equality guaranteed to all the citizens of India including the poorest of the poor amongst them – Social, Economic and Political, irrespective of caste, creed, sex, place of birth, etc. |
6-12-1983 to 15-3-1984 | Manyawar Kansiram Ji did Cycle March from Kargil, Puri, Kohima, Kanyakumary and Porbunder. |
18-9-2003 | Manyawar Kansiram transferred the charge and affairs of the BSP to Behenji Kum. Mayawati Ji, B. A., B. Ed., LL.B, as its National President, after imparting training her for 25 years under him. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar used to say – “Organize under one Leader, one Party and one Programme”. |
9-10-2006 | Manyawar Kansi Ram Ji died, leaving his Bahujan Samaj Party. |
The present National President of the Party BSP viz. Sister Mayawati who is the political heir and successor of late Manywar Kansiram is interest in the welfare of BSP and above all in the welfare and well being of the members of the public belonging to Sarva Samaj including Savarna Samaj in India, especially to SCs, STs, OBCs, Dalits converted to Christianity and Dalits converted to Islam and other Religious Minorities
(RMS) including THE POOREST OF THE POOR among them who constitute about 85% of the total population of India in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Constitution and the rule of law.
With a view to attain the goal of Samtamulak Samaj Vyavastha in the Indian National Society, Sister Mayawati, as the 4th time Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, India, has introduced, for the first time ‘RESERVATION IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR’ as a step to achieve parity in economic justice. One day she will be remembered as “Mother of Reservation in Niji Shetra’.
SHRI T. M. NADAR
B. COM., LL.B., DCL.(GLC.,Mum.)
ADVOCATE, HIGH COURT
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